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MICROELECTRONICS
A
A
Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR Features
Sink Current Capability 1 mA to 100mA Low dynamic output impedance, 0.2W typ. Low output noise 0.5%, 1% or 2% reference voltage tolerance Alternate for TL431, TL431, LM431 & AS431 Temperature range 0C to+ 70 C Available in SOT-23, TO-92, SOT-89 and SOP- 8 packages
Description
The GM431 is a three terminal adjustable shunt regulator with thermal stability guaranteed over temperature. Output voltage can be adjusted to any value between 2.5V (Vref) and 36V by using two external resistors. The GM431 has a typical dynamic output impedance of 0.2W. Active output circuitry provides a very unique turn on characteristic, making the GM431 an excellent replacement for zener diodes in many applications such as onboard regulation and adjustable power supplies. The GM431 is an ideal voltage reference for 3.0 to 3.3V switching power supplies. The GM431 shunt regulator is available with 3 voltage tolerances 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% over TA= 0C to + 70C, and four package options (SOT-23, TO-92, SOT-89 and SOP-8). Whatever your application is, the GM431 offers the optimum combination of performance, reliability, and economy.
Application
Switching power supplies Linear regulators Adjustable supplies Battery-operated computers Computer disk drives Instrumentation
LOGIC SYMBOL
BLOCK DIAGRAM (POSITIVE LOGIC)
CATHODE
REFERENCE
_ ANODE CATHODE
V ref
ANODE
www.gammamicro.com
GM431 V0.11
1
REFERENCE
+
MICROELECTRONICS
A
A
Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
MARKING INFORMATION & PIN CONFIGURATIONS (TOP VIEW)
TO- 92
GM 431G AYWW 1. REF 2. Anode 3. Cathode 12 3
SOT-23
Anode
3
SOP- 8
ANODE REF ANODE NC
SOT - 89
8765
XXXYW
1 2
GM431G AYWW
1234
CATHODE ANODE NC ANODE REF 1
GM431G AYWW
2 3 CATHODE
REF
Cathode
ANODE
XXX = Marking Code G** = Grade A = Assembly Location Y = Year WW, W= Weekly
ORDERING INFORMATION
Ordering Number
GM431AT92B GM431AT92RL GM431AST23R GM431AS8T GM431AS8R GM431AST89R GM431BT92B GM431BT92RL GM431BST23R GM431BS8T GM431BS8R GM431BST89R GM431CT92B GM431CT92RL GM431CST23R
Precision
0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
Device code
Grade
A A
Package
TO-92 TO-92 SOT-23
Shipping
1,000 Units/ ESD Bag 2,000 Units/ Ammo Pack(Tape) 3,000 Units / Tape &Reel 100 Units / Tube 2,500 Units / Tape & Reel 1,000 Units / Tape & Reel 1,000 Units/ ESD Bag 2,000 Units/ Ammo Pack(Tape) 3,000 Units / Tape &Reel 100 Units / Tube 2,500 Units / Tape & Reel 1,000 Units / Tape & Reel 1,000 Units/ ESD Bag 2,000 Units/ Ammo Pack(Tape) 3,000 Units / Tape &Reel 100 Units / Tube 2,500 Units / Tape & Reel 1,000 Units / Tape & Reel
AAA
A A A B B
AAB
SOP-8 SOP-8 SOT-89 TO-92 TO-92 SOT-23
B B B C C
AAC
SOP-8 SOP-8 SOT-89 TO-92 TO-92 SOT-23
GM431
GM431CS8T GM431CS8R GM431CST89R
C C C
SOP-8 SOP-8 SOT-89
* For detail Ordering Number identification, please see last page. **Grade A: indicates Precision of 0.5%, B: indicates Precision of 1%, C: indicates Precision of 2%
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC
CATHODE 800W 800W 20pF REF
150W 3.28KW 4KW 10kW 2.4KW 7.2KW 20pF
1kW
800W ANODE
* All component values are nominal. Pin numbers shown are for the D package.
GM431
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (over free-air temperature range except as noted)
PARAMETER
Cathode Voltage (1) Continuous cathode current range Reference input current range Power dissipation at TA = 25C SOT-23 SOP-8 TO-92 SOT-89 Package thermal impedance SOT-23 TO-92 SOP-8 SOT-89
(2, 3)
SYMBOL
VKA IK Iref
Value
37 -100 to 150 -50A to 10mA 0.23 0.60 0.78 0.80 336 132 163 132 0 to + 70 260
UNIT
V mA mA
PD
W
qJA
C/W
Operating ambient temperature range Lead temperature (soldering) 10 seconds
TA TLEAD
C C
These are stress ratings only. Functional operation of the device at these or any conditions beyond the "recommended operating conditions" is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rated conditions may affect device reliability. NOTES:
1. Voltage values are with respect to the anode except as noted. 2. Maximum power dissipation is a function of TJ(max), qJA and TA. Maximum allowable power dissipation at any allowable ambient temperature is PD = (TJ(max) - TA)/ qJA. 3. Package thermal impedance is calculated per JESD 51.
RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS
PARAMETER Cathode Voltage Cathode Current SYMBOL VKA IK MINIMUM Vref 1.0 MAXIMUM 36 100 UNIT V mA
GM431
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25C unless otherwise noted)
GM431A (0.5%)
PARAMETER Reference Voltage Vref temp deviation Ratio of change in Vref to change in VKA Reference input current Deviation of reference input current over full temperature range Minimum operating current Off-state cathode current Dynamic impedance Vref Vdev DVref DVKA Iref CONDITION VKA = Vref, IK = 10 mA, TA = 25C VKA=Vref,IK=10 mA,TA= 0 to 70C
(1) (1)
MIN 2.487
TYP 2.500 4
MAX 2.512 17
UNIT V mV mV/V
VKA = Vref, IK = 10 mA (1), TA = full range IK = 10mA
DVKA = 10V to Vref DVKA = 36V to 10V
(2)
-2.7 -2.0
-1.0 -0.4 0.7 0.4 4.0 1.2
IK = 10mA, R1 = 10KW, R2 =
mA mA
I = 10mA, R1 = 10KW, R2 = Iref(dev) K TA = full range IK(min) VKA = Vref (1) VKA = 36V, Vref = 0V (3) VKA = 16V, Vref = 0V (3)
(2)
0.4
1.0
mA
IK(off)
0.1 0.2
1 0.50
mA W
| ZKA | f 1kHz,VKA=Vref, IK=1mA to 100mA (1)
GM431B (1.0%)
PARAMETER Reference Voltage Vref temp deviation Ratio of change in Vref to change in VKA Reference input current Deviation of reference input current over full temperature range Minimum operating current Off-state cathode current Dynamic impedance
NOTES: (1) See test circuit 1 on page 5. (2) See test circuit 2 on page 5. (3) See test circuit 3 on page 5.
CONDITION Vref Vdev DVref DVKA Iref VKA = Vref, IK = 10 mA, TA = 25C
(1)
MIN 2.475
TYP 2.500 4
MAX 2.525 17
UNIT V mV mV/V
VKA=Vref,IK=10 mA,TA= 0 to 70C(1) VKA = Vref, IK = 10 mA (1), TA = full range IK = 10mA
DVKA = 10V to Vref DVKA = 36V to 10V
(2)
-2.7 -2.0
-1.0 -0.4 0.7 0.4 4.0 1.2
IK = 10mA, R1 = 10KW, R2 =
mA mA
I = 10mA, R1 = 10KW, R2 = Iref(dev) K TA = full range IK(min) VKA = Vref (1) VKA = 36V, Vref = 0V (3) VKA = 16V, Vref = 0V (3)
(2)
0.4
1.0
mA
IK(off)
0.1 0.2
1 0.50
mA W
| ZKA | f 1kHz,VKA=Vref, IK=1mA to 100mA (1)
GM431
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (TA = 25C unless otherwise noted)
GM431C (2.0%)
PARAMETER Reference Voltage Vref temp deviation Ratio of change in Vref to change in VKA Reference input current Deviation of reference input current over full temperature range Minimum operating current Off-state cathode current Dynamic impedance
NOTES: (1) See test circuit 1. (2) See test circuit 2. (3) See test circuit 3.
CONDITION Vref Vdev DVref DVKA Iref VKA = Vref, IK = 10 mA, TA = 25C VKA=Vref,IK=10 mA,TA= 0 to 70C
(1) (1)
MIN 2.45
TYP 2.500 4
MAX 2.55 17
UNIT V mV mV/V
VKA = Vref, IK = 10 mA (1), TA = full range IK = 10mA
DVKA = 10V to Vref DVKA = 36V to 10V
(2)
-2.7 -2.0
-1.0 -0.4 0.7 0.4 4.0 1.2
IK = 10mA, R1 = 10KW, R2 =
mA mA
I = 10mA, R1 = 10KW, R2 = Iref(dev) K TA = full range IK(min) VKA = Vref (1) VKA = 36V, Vref = 0V (3) VKA = 16V, Vref = 0V (3)
(2)
0.4
1.0
mA
IK(off)
0.1 0.2
1 0.50
mA W
| ZKA | f 1kHz,VKA=Vref, IK=1mA to 100mA (1)
TEST CIRCUITS
VIN VKA VIN VKA lref R1 V ref R2 Vref lref Vref VIN VKA lk(off)
lk
GM431
Test Circuit 1 V KA = V ref
Test Circuit 2 V KA > V ref
Test Circuit 3 Off-State
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MICROELECTRONICS
A
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS GM431A, GM431B
Vin R1
Vout
Vin R1
Vout
R2 R2 R1 Vout=( 1+ R2 ) Vref R1 ) Vref R2
Vout=( 1+
Figure 1. Shunt Regulator
Figure 2. High Current Shunt Regulator
Vin
GM 7805 In Out Common
Vin Vout R1 R1
Vout
R2 R1 )Vref R2
R2
Vout=(1+
Vout=(1+
Vout(min) = Vref+ 5.0V
R1 ) Vref R2 2.0V
Figure 3. Output Control for a Three Terminal Fixed Regulator
Vout(min) = Vref+ Vbe
Figure 4. Series Pass Regulator
Vin
RCL
Iout
Vin Vout
Isink
V Isink= ref RS Iout= Vref RCL
RS
Figure 5. Constant Current Source
Figure 6. Constant Current Sink
Vin R1
Vout
Vin R1
Vout
R2 R2
Vout(trip)=(1 +
R1 ) Vref R2
Figure 7. TRIAC Crowbar
Figure 8. SCR Crowbar
GM431
7
Vout(trip)=(1 +
R1 ) Vref R2
MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
Typical Performance Characteristics
1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Cathode current (mA) Cathode current (mA)
200 150 100 50 0 -50 -100 -150 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Cathode Voltage (V)
Cathode Voltage (V)
Figure 9. Cathode Current vs. Cathode Voltage
Figure 10. Cathode Current vs. Cathode Voltage
Iref, REFERENCE INPUT CURRENT (mA)
0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
Impedance (W)
2.5 2 1.5
1 0.5 0
0
20
40
60
80
0
100K 200K 300K 400K 500K
Frequency (Hz)
600K
T A , AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C)
Figure 11. Reference Input Current versus Ambient Temperature
Figure 12. Dynamic Impedance Frequency
Vref, REFERENCE INPUT VOLTAGE (V)
50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 10 100 1k 10k
2.498 2.496 2.494 2.492 2.49 2.488 2.486 0 20 40 60 80
100k
1M
T A , AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C)
f, FREQUENCY (HZ)
Figure 13. Reference Input Voltage versus
Ambient Temperature
Figure 14. Open-Loop Voltage Gain vs. Frequency
GM431
8
Phase Shift
2.5
Avol, OPEN LOOP VOLTAGE GAIN (dB)
60
0 I KA =10mA 36 T A =25C 72 108 144 180
MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
Design Guide for AC-DCSMPS (Switching Mode Power Supply)
Use of Shunt Regulator in Transformer Secondary side Control
This example is applicable to both forward transformers and flyback transformers. A shunt regulator is used on the secondary side as an error amplifier, and feedback to the primary side is provided via a photocoupler.
Transformer R1 SBD GM384X GM38C4X IF VF Phototransistor Photocoupler Light emitting diode R2 VK C1 REF R5 R4 Vref R3 (+) Output VO (-)
IB
GM431
GND
Figure 16. Typical Shunt Regulator/ Error Amplifier
Determination of External Costants for the Shunt Regulator Dc characteristic determination: In figure 16, R1 and R2 are protection resistor for the light emitting diode in the photocoupler, and R2 is a bypass resistor to feed IK Minimum, and these are determined as shown below. The photocoupler specification should be obtained separately from the manufacturer. Using the parameters in figure 16, the following formulas are obtained: R1 = VO - VF - VK I F +I B , R2 = VF IB Next, the output voltage can be determined by R3 and R4, and the following formula is obtained: VO = R3 +R4 X V ref , V erf =2 .5 V Typ R4
The absolute values of R3 and R4 are determined by the GM431 reference input current Iref and the AC characteristics described in the next section. The Iref value is around 0.7A Typ.
VK Is the GM431 operating voltage, and is set at around 3V, taking into account a margin for fluctuation. R2 is the current shunt resistance for the light emitting diode, in which a bias current IB of around 1/5 IF flows.
GM431
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
AC Characteristic Determination:
This refers to the determination of the gain frequency characteristic of the shunt regulator as an error amplifier. Taking the configuration in figure 16, the error amplifier characteristic is as shown in figure 17.
G1
Gain G (dB)
* fosc: PWM switching frequency
G2
When R5= 0 When R5= 0
F1
FAC
F2
Fosc Frequency f (Hz)
Figure 17. GM431 Error Amplification Characteristic
In Figure 17, the following formulas are obtained: Gain
G1 = G0 50 dB to 60 dB (determined by shunt regulator)
G2 =
R5 R3
Corner frequencies
f1 = 1/(2p C1 G0 R3) f2 = 1/(2p C1 R5)
G0 is the shunt regulator open-loop gain; this is given by the reciprocal of the reference voltage fluctuation DVref/DVKA, and is approximately 50 dB.
Practical Example
Consider the example of a photocoupler, with an internal light emitting diode VF = 1.05 V and IF = 2.5 mA, power supply output voltage V2 = 5 V, and bias resistance R2 current of approximately 1/5 IF at 0.5 mA. If the shunt regulator VK = 3 V, the following values are found.
R1= R2= 5V - 1.05V - 3V =316W 2.5mA + 0.5mA 1.05V =2.1 kW 0.5mA
Next, assume that R3 = R4 = 10 kW. This gives a 5 V output. If R5 = 3.3 kW and C1 = 0.022 F, the following values are found. G2 = 3.3 kW / 10 kW = 0.33 times (-10 dB) f1 = 1 / (2 x p x 0.022 F x 316 x 10 kW) = 2.3 (Hz) f2 = 1 / (2 x p x 0.022 F x 3.3 kW) = 2.2 (kHz)
GM431
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
SOT-89 PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
4.50 0.05 1.650 REF 1.400 REF R 0.13~4X R 0.13~3X
1.50 0.05
Pad Layout
2
NO DRAFT~2
Units: mm
4.20 0.05 2.5 0.05
6 R 0.1 MAX 1.00 0.07 0.46 0.025
45 0.7 1.5 1.5 1
1.50
1.50
0.38 0.01
3.00 0.025 6~2X R 0.13~2X
R 0.13~2X 6~2X
Unit: mm
SOT-23 PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
2.90 0.1 0.13 0.4 0.1
Pad Layout
0~0.1 2.8 0.1 1.5 0.05
0.035 0.9 0.031 0.8
0.65 0.05 0.95 0.038 1.9 0.05 5
0.037 0.95 0.037 0.95
3
0.079 2.0
0.8 0.05
1.10 0.1
Inches ( mm )
Unit: mm
GM431
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
SOP-8 PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
0.008 +0.0018 -0.0005
0 ~ 8
0.028
+0.013 -0.022 +0.33 -0.56
0.200
+0.05 -0.01
Pad Layout
0.060 1.52
0.710
0.236 0.008 5.990
+0.21 -0.20 +0.003 -0.004
0.275 7.0
0.155 4.0
0.154
PIN INDENT
3.91 0.1
0.024 0.6 0.050 1.270
Inches ( mm )
0.191
+0.002 -0.004 +0.05 -0.10
4.850
0.063 0.005 1.600 0.130
0.057 NOM 1.450 NOM
( Inches ) mm
0.007 0.003 0.175 0.075
0.050 NOM 1.270 NOM
0.016
+0.004 -0.003 +0.10 -0.08
0.410
TO-92 PACKAGE OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
4.6 0.1 2
3.6 0.15 2
4.6 0.1 2.3 1.45 0.1 2 3 - 0.46 2
14.5 0.5
0.38 0.015 1.27 1.27
GM431
3.6 0.15 1.3 0.1
Unit: mm
5
5
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
ORDERING NUMBER
GM 431 A T92 B
Gamma Micro. Circuit Type Shipping B : EDS Bag RL: Ammo Pack R: Tape & Reel T: Tube
(Tape)
Voltage Tolerance A: 0.5% B: 1.0% C: 2.0%
Package T92: TO-92 ST23: SOT-23 S8: SOP-8 ST89: SOT-89
GM431
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MICROELECTRONICS
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Power Management GM431
2.5V ADJUSTABLE SHUNT REGULATOR
GM431
14

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